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- Maternal medical condition with obstetric indication
- Cephalopelvic disproportion – the fetal head is disproportionate to the maternal pelvis
- Placentia previa – the placenta is implanted in the lower segment of the uterus
- Fetal malpresentation – faulty presentation of the fetus; presentation of any part other than the occiput (back of head)
- Selected cases of abruptio placentae – tearing away of the placenta
- Umbilical cord prolapse – the presentation of the umbilical cord ahead of the fetus
- Fetal distress – a threatening or adverse condition of the fetus caused by stress.
Some criteria for recognition of fetal distress are:
- a. Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)
- b. Bradycardia (slow heart beat, under 60 beats per minute)
- c. Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat over 100 beats per minute)
- d. Passage of meconium (the first intestinal discharge of the newborn)
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